A Bibliometric Analysis of Disinformation through Social Media
Muhammad Akram 1 * ,
Asim Nasar 2,
Adeela Arshad-Ayaz 1 More Detail
1 Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
2 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
* Corresponding Author
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, Volume 12, Issue 4, Article No: e202242.
https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/12545
OPEN ACCESS 3121 Views 2159 Downloads Published online: 17 Oct 2022
ABSTRACT
The study’s purpose is to systematically review the scholarly literature about disinformation on social media, a space with enhanced concerns about nurturing propaganda and conspiracies. The systematic review methodology was applied to analyze 264 peer-reviewed articles published from 2010 to 2020, extracted from the Web of Science core collection database. Descriptive and bibliometric analysis techniques were used to document the findings. The analysis revealed an increase in the trend of publishing disinformation on social media and its impact on users’ cognitive responses from 2017 onwards. The USA appears to be the most influential node with its more significant role in advancing research on disinformation. The content analysis identified five psychosocial and political factors: influencing individual users’ perceptions, providing easy access to radicalism using personality profiles, social media use to influence political opinions, lack of critical social media literacies, and hoax flourish disinformation. Our research shows a knowledge gap in how disinformation directly shapes communal psychosocial narratives. We highlight the need for future research to explore and examine the antecedents, consequences, and impact of disinformation on social media and how it affects citizens’ cognition, critical thinking, and well-being.
CITATION
Akram, M., Nasar, A., & Arshad-Ayaz, A. (2022). A Bibliometric Analysis of Disinformation through Social Media.
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 12(4), e202242.
https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/12545
REFERENCES
- Acker, A., & Donovan, J. (2019). Data craft: A theory/methods package for critical internet studies. Information Communication and Society, 22(11), 1590-1609. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1645194
- Aparici, R., García-Marín, D., & Rincón-Manzano, L. (2019). Noticias falsas, bulos y trending topics. Anatomía y estrategias de la desinformación en el conflicto Catalán [Fake news, hoaxes, and trending topics. Anatomy and strategies of disinformation in the Catalan conflict]. El Profesional de la Información [The Information Professional], 28(3), e0280313. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.13
- Bandura, A. (1999). A social cognitive theory of personality. In L. Pervin, & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality (pp. 154-196). Guilford Publications.
- Barr, S. (2018). When did Facebook start? The story behind a company that took over the world. Independent. www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/facebook-when-started-how-mark-zuckerberg-history-harvard-eduardo-saverin-a8505151.html
- Bastos, M., & Mercea, D. (2018). The public accountability of social platforms: Lessons from a study on bots and trolls in the Brexit campaign. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2128), 20180003. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0003
- Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
- Borges‐Tiago, T., Tiago, F., Silva, O., Guaita Martínez, J. M., & Botella‐Carrubi, D. (2020). Online users’ attitudes toward fake news: Implications for brand management. Psychology & Marketing, 37(9), 1171-1184. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21349
- Brady, W. J., Crockett, M. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2020). The MAD model of moral contagion: The role of motivation, attention, and design in the spread of moralized content online. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(4), 978-1010. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620917336
- Buchanan, T. (2020). Why do people spread false information online? The effects of message and viewer characteristics on self-reported likelihood of sharing social media disinformation. Plos ONE, 15(10), e0239666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239666
- Cabañes, J. V. A. (2020). Digital disinformation and the imaginative dimension of communication. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 97(2), 435-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020913799
- Chadwick, A., Vaccari, C., & O’Loughlin, B. (2018). Do tabloids poison the well of social media? Explaining democratically dysfunctional news sharing. New Media & Society, 20(11), 146144481876968. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769689
- Cho, H., Cannon, J., Lopez, R., & Li, W. (2022). Social media literacy: A conceptual framework. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068530
- Clark, V. L. P., & Creswell, J. W. (2015). Understanding research: A consumer’s guide. Pearson.
- De Maeyer, D. (1997). Internet’s information highway potential. Internet Research, 7(4), 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187286
- DHS. (2019). Combatting targeted disinformation campaigns; a whole-of-society issue. Public Private Analytic Exchange Program. www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ia/ia_combatting-targeted-disinformation-campaigns.pdf
- Duncombe, C. (2019). Digital diplomacy: Emotion and identity in the public realm. Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 14(1-2), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-14101016
- Ejaz, A. (2013). Impacts of new media on dynamics of Pakistan politics. Journal of Political Studies, 20(1), 113-130.
- El Rayess, M., Chebl, C., Mhanna, J., & Hage, R.-M. (2018). Fake news judgement: The case of undergraduate students at Notre Dame University-Louaize, Lebanon. Reference Services Review, 46(1), 146-149. https://doi.org/10.1108/RSR-07-2017-0027
- Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of advanced nursing, 62(1), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
- Fallis, D. (2009). A conceptual analysis of disinformation. In Proceedings of iConference.
- Fallis, D. (2015). What is disinformation? Library Trends, 63(3), 401-426. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2015.0014
- Farkas, J., & Schou, J. (2018). Fake news as a floating signifier: Hegemony, antagonism, and the politics of falsehood. Javnost-The Public, 25(3), 298-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1463047
- Farkas, J., Schou, J., & Neumayer, C. (2017). Cloaked Facebook pages: Exploring fake Islamist propaganda in social media. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1850-1867. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817707759
- Floridi, L. (1996). Brave.net.world: The Internet as a disinformation superhighway? Electronic Library, 14, 509-514. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb045517
- Floridi, L. (2011). The philosophy of information. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232383.001.0001
- Freelon, D., & Wells, C. (2020). Disinformation as political communication. Political Communication, 37(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755
- Gelfert, A. (2018). Fake news: A definition. Informal Logic, 38(1), 84-117. https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v38i1.5068
- Golovchenko, Y., Buntain, C., Eady, G., Brown, M. A., & Tucker, J. A. (2020). Cross-platform state propaganda: Russian trolls on twitter and YouTube during the 2016 US presidential election. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3), 357-389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220912682
- Guess, A. M., Lerner, M., Lyons, B., Montgomery, J. M., Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Sircar, N. (2020). A digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and India. PNAS, 117(27), 15536-15545. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920498117
- Hameleers, M., Powell, T. E., Van Der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Bos, L. (2020). A picture paints a thousand lies? The effects and mechanisms of multimodal disinformation and rebuttals disseminated via social media. Political Communication, 37(2), 281-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1674979
- Humprecht, E. (2019). Where ‘fake news’ flourishes: A comparison across four Western democracies. Information, Communication & Society, 22(13), 1973-1988. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1474241
- Hussain, Y. (2014). Social media as a tool for transparency and good governance in the government of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Competence Network Crossroads Asia: Conflict–Migration–Development.
- Javed, R. T., Shuja, M. E., Usama, M., Qadir, J., Iqbal, W., Tyson, G., Castro,I., & Garimella, K. (2020). A first look at COVID-19 messages on WhatsApp in Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. https://doi.org/10.1109/ASONAM49781.2020.9381360
- Keller, F. B., Schoch, D., Stier, S., & Yang, J. (2020). Political astroturfing on twitter: How to coordinate a disinformation campaign. Political Communication, 37(2), 256-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1661888
- Kragh, M., & Åsberg, S. (2017). Russia’s strategy for influence through public diplomacy and active measures: The Swedish case. Journal of Strategic Studies, 40(6), 773-816. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2016.1273830
- Kyngäs, H., Mikkonen, K., & Kääriäinen, M. (Eds.). (2020). The application of content analysis in nursing science research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30199-6
- Lee, P.-C., & Su, H.-N. (2010). Investigating the structure of regional innovation system research through keyword co-occurrence and social network analysis. Innovation, 12(1), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.5172/impp.12.1.26
- Levitskaya, A., & Fedorov, A. (2020). Analysis of manipulative media texts. Media Education, 60(3), 430-442. https://doi.org/10.13187/me.2020.3.430
- Llewellyn, S. (2020). COVID-19: How to be careful with trust and expertise on social media. BMJ, 368, m1160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1160
- MacArthur, A. (2018). The real history of twitter, in brief. Lifewire. www.lifewire.com/history-of-twitter-3288854
- Mamlin, B. W., & Tierney, W. M. (2016). The promise of information and communication technology in healthcare: Extracting value from the chaos. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 351(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2015.10.015
- Marshall, J. P. (2017). Disinformation society, communication, and cosmopolitan democracy. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies–An Interdisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v9i2.5477
- Mayer, R., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3801_6
- McClain, C. R. (2017). Practices and promises of Facebook for science outreach: Becoming a “nerd of trust”. PLoS Biology, 15(6), e2002020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2002020
- McKay, S., & Tenove, C. (2020). Disinformation as a threat to deliberative democracy. Political Research Quarterly, 74(1),106591292093814. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912920938143
- Mejias, U. A., & Vokuev, N. E. (2017). Disinformation and the media: The case of Russia and Ukraine. Media, Culture & Society, 39(7), 1027-1042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716686672
- Merloe, P. (2015). Authoritarianism goes global: Election monitoring vs. disinformation. Journal of Democracy, 26(3), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0053
- Naeem, S. B., Bhatti, R., & Khan, A. (2020). An exploration of how fake news is taking over social media and putting public health at risk. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 38(2), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12320
- Nations, D. (2019). What is social media? Lifewire. www.lifewire.com/what-is-social-media-explaining-the-big-trend-3486616
- Ognyanova, K., & Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (2015). Political efficacy on the internet: A media systems dependency approach. In L. Robinson, S. R. Cotten, & J. Schulz (Eds.), Communication and Information Technologies Annual: Politics, Participation, and Production (pp. 3-27). Emerald Group Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2050-206020150000009001
- Perez-Dasilva, J. A., Meso-Ayerdi, K., & Mendiguren-Goldospín, T. (2020). Fake news and coronavirus: Detecting key players and trends through analysis of Twitter conversations. El Profesional de la Información [The Information Professional], 29(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.may.08
- Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2008). Systematic reviews in the social sciences. Blackwell Publishing.
- Pew Research Center. (2018). Teens, social media, and technology 2018. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/
- Ribeiro, M. H., Calais, P. H., Almeida, V. A. F., & Meira, W. (2017). “Everything I disagree with is #FakeNews”: Correlating political polarization and spread of misinformation. In Proceedings of DATA SCIENCE + JOURNALISM @ KDD 2017.
- Rodriguez-Fernandez, L. (2019). Disinformation: Professional challenges for the communication sector. Professional de la Informacion [Information Professional], 28(3).
- Rossini, P., Stromer-Galley, J., Baptista, E. A., & Veiga de Oliveira, V. (2020). Dysfunctional information sharing on WhatsApp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure, and social corrections. New Media & Society, 23(8). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820928059
- Rubin, V.L. (2019). Disinformation and misinformation triangle: A conceptual model for “fake news” epidemic, causal factors, and interventions. Journal of Documentation, 75(5), 1013-1034. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-12-2018-0209
- Salaverria, R., Buslon, N., Lopez-Pan, F., Leon, B., Lopez-Goni, I., & Erviti, M. C. (2020). Disinformation in times of pandemic: typology of hoaxes on COVID-19. Professional de la Informacion [Information Professional], 29(3).
- Salter, M. (2018). Finding a new narrative: Meaningful responses to ‘false memory’ disinformation. In V. Sinason, & A. Convey (Eds.), Trauma and memory. Routledge.
- Sánchez-Duarte, J. M., & Rosa, R. M. (2020). Infodemia y COVID-19. Evolución y viralización de informaciones falsas en España [Infodemic and COVID-19. Evolution and viralization of false information in Spain]. Revista Española de Comunicación en Salud [Spanish Journal of Health Communication], 31-41. https://doi.org/10.20318/recs.2020.5417
- Scheufele, D. A., & Krause, N. M. (2019). Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news. PNAS, 116(16), 7662-7669. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805871115
- Shu, K., & Liu, H. (2019). Detecting fake news on social media. Morgan and Claypool Publishers. https://doi.org/10.2200/S00926ED1V01Y201906DMK018
- Shu, K., Mahudeswaran, D., Wang, S., Lee, D., & Liu, H. (2020). FakeNewsNet: A data repository with news content, social context, and spatiotemporal information for studying fake news on social media. Big Data, 8(3), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1089/big.2020.0062
- Treen, K. M. I., Williams, H. T. P., & O’Neill, S. J. (2020). Online misinformation about climate change. WIREs Climate Change, 11(5), e665. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.665
- United Nation News. (2020). During this coronavirus pandemic, ‘fake news’ is putting lives at risk: UNESCO. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1061592
- van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
- Vereshchaka, A., Cosimini, S., & Dong, W. (2020). Analyzing and distinguishing fake and real news to mitigate the problem of disinformation. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10588-020-09307-8
- Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240, 112552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552
- Wright, R. W., Brand, R. A., Dunn, W., & Spindler, K. P. (2007). How to write a systematic review. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 455, 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1097/BLO.0b013e31802c9098
- Xia, Y., Lukito, J., Zhang, Y., Wells, C., Kim, S. J., & Tong, C. (2019). Disinformation, performed: Self-presentation of a Russian IRA account on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 22(11), 1646-1664. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1621921
- Zimmermann, F., & Kohring, M. (2020). Mistrust, disinforming news, and vote choice: A panel survey on the origins and consequences of believing disinformation in the 2017 German parliamentary election. Political Communication, 37(2), 215-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686095
- Zubiaga, A., Aker, A., Bontcheva, K., Liakata, M., & Procter, R. (2018). Detection and resolution of rumors in social media. ACM Computing Surveys, 51(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3161603
- Żuk, P., Żuk, P., & Lisiewicz-Jakubaszko, J. (2019). The anti-vaccine movement in Poland: The socio-cultural conditions of the opposition to vaccination and threats to public health. Vaccine, 37(11), 1491-1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.073