A Theoretical Analysis of the Gezi Resistance: Implications for Political Communication of New Social Movements

Mine Yetkin 1, Ali Simsek 1 *
More Detail
1 Anadolu University, Turkey
* Corresponding Author
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, Volume 7, Issue 2, pp. 1-32. https://doi.org/10.29333/ojcmt/2588
OPEN ACCESS   1646 Views   1249 Downloads   Published online: 26 Apr 2017
Download Full Text (PDF)

ABSTRACT

On 28 May 2013 a peaceful demonstration by environmental activists who were protesting against the demolition of Gezi Park –one of the few green areas left at the heart of Istanbuland construction of a shopping mall along with a mosque instead was suppressed by excessive and aggressive police intervention. In response to the police suppression, thousands of individuals in Istanbul gathered in Taksim and Kadıköy followed by other big city centers in Turkey, which subsequently evolved into a resistance movement throughout the country. Particularly the peak days of the uprisings generated so much interests both in domestic and international public opinions, it was even perceived as the biggest political resistance in the history of modern Turkey. Although the government side tried to portray the incidents as "demonstrations" to degrade its impact, the opposition side presented the incidents as "riots" to boost participation. This paper aims to look from three years back at the Gezi Resistance in terms of its nature and grass-roots mobilization of masses and where it stands from the perspective of the New Social Movements Theory. Comparisons are made with similar social movements in other countries and implications for political communication of such movements are discussed.

CITATION

Yetkin, M., & Simsek, A. (2017). A Theoretical Analysis of the Gezi Resistance: Implications for Political Communication of New Social Movements. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 7(2), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.29333/ojcmt/2588

REFERENCES

  • Bora, T. BeyazYakalılarınİsyanınınArdında Ne Var? 10.04.2014 http://emekatolyesi.org/beyaz-yakalilarin-isyaninin-ardinda-ne-var#.U7KgPha-ra4
  • Boudreau, V.(2002). State Repression and Democracy Protest in Three Southeast Asian Countries. In D.S. Meyer, N. Whitter, B. Robnet (der.), Social Movements, Identity, Culture, and the State (28-46). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Calhoun, C. (2013). Occupy Wall Street in Perspective, The British Journal of Sociology, 64:1, 26-38.
  • Carty, V. (2011).Wired and Mobilizing: Social Movements, New Technology, and Electoral Politics. New York: Routledge.
  • Carroll, W. K.; Ratner, R. S. (1999). Media Strategies and Political Projects: A Comparative Study of Social Movements, The Canadian Journal of Sociology, 42:1, 1-34.
  • Castaneda, E. (2012). The Indignados of Spain: A Precedent to Occupy Wall Street, Social Movement Studies, 11:3-4, 309-319.
  • Castells, M. (2013).EnformasyonÇağı: Ekonomi, ToplumveKültürKimliğinGücü.Istanbul: İstanbul BilgiÜniversitesiYayınları.
  • Choy, E. (2012). From the Camps to the Neighborhoods: A Conversation with Movement Generation. Race, Poverty and Environment, 19:1, 42-43.
  • Coşkun, M. K. (2007). DemokrasiTeorileriveToplumsalHareketler, Ankara: Dipnot.
  • Crossley, N. (2002). Making Sense of Social Movements.Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Dahlgren, P. (2005) The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation, Political Communication, 22:2, 147-162
  • Das, M. (1981). Social Movements, Social Change and Mass Communication, International Review of Modern Sociology, Vol. 11, No. 1/2 (Jan.-Dec. 1981), pp.127-143.
  • Demirkent, D., Baykan, T. (2010).Tanıl Bora ileSöyleşi.http://www.birikimdergisi.com/birikim/makale. aspx?mid=639&makale=Tan%FDl%20Bora%20ile%20S%F6yle%FEi:%20S%FDn %FDf,%20Kapitalizm%20ve%20T%FCrkiye
  • Durakbaşa, A. (2014). Gezi DirenişiveTürkiye’deToplumsal/SiyasalTahayyülUfkumuzunAçılmasıİçinSosyolojikİ zlekler.İçinde V.S. Öğütle, E. Göker (der.), Gezi veSosyoloji: NesneyleYüzleşmekNesneyiKurmak (191-202). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • El Ghosbashy, M. (2011). The Praxis of the Egyptian Revolution, Middle East Report, No. 258, 2-13.
  • Ergun, C. (2014). KentselDönüşümeKarşıÇıkmak: KamusalıHatırlamakÜzerineBirkaç Not. İçinde V.S. Öğütle, E. Göker (der.), Gezi veSosyoloji: NesneyleYüzleşmekNesneyiKurmak(276-291). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Fominaya, C. F. (2013). The Madrid Bombings and Popular Protest: Misinformation, Counter-information, Mobilisation and Elections after ’11-M’ içinde J. Drury, C. Stott, Crowds in the 21st Century (17-35). New York: Routledge.
  • Garrett, K. (2006) Protest in an Information Society: a review ofliterature on social movements and new ICTs, Information, Communication & Society, 9:02 (202-224)
  • Hartcourt, B.E. (2011). Occupy Wall Street’s ‘Political Disobedience’, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/occupy-wall-streets-politicaldisobedience/?_r=0
  • Hardt, M., Negri, A. (2004).Çokluk, İmparatorlukÇağındaSavaşveDemokrasi. B. Yıldırım (Çev.). İstanbul: AyrıntıYayınları.
  • Hughes, N. (2011). Young People Took to the Streets and all of a Sudden all of the Political Parties Got Old: The 15M Movement in Spain, Social Movement Studies, 10:4, 407- 413.
  • KONDA (2014). Gezi Raporu: Toplumun Gezi ParkıOlaylarıAlgısıve Gezi ParkındaKimlerVardı. Konda AraştırmaveDanışmanlık, 5 Haziran 2014.
  • Kurtuluş, H. (2014). KenteHakMücadelesindeSokağınİşgali, Sınıflarve Gezi ParkıDirenişi.içinde V.S. Öğütle, E. Göker (der.), Gezi veSosyoloji: NesneyleYüzleşmekNesneyiKurmak(261-275). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Laclau, Ernesto, Chantal Mouffe (1992). HegemonyaveSosyalistStrateji, Çev. Ahmet Kardan, DoğanŞahiner, İstanbul: Birikim.
  • Langman, L. (2005). From Virtual Public Spheres to Global Justice: A Critical Theory of Interworked Social Movements, Sociological Theory, 23:1 (42-74).
  • Mahmoud, A. (2015). Social Movements in Tunisia and Egypt, International Journal of Social Science Studies, 3:3, 8-20.
  • Melucci, A. (1996). Challenging Codes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Melucci, A. (2007). YeniToplumsalHareketler: SosyolojikBirYanılgıÜzerineDüşünceler. H. Erbaş (ed.), M. Coşkun (trans.), Fark, Kimlik, Sınıf. İstanbul: Eos.
  • Milkman, R., Lewis, P., Luce, S. (2013). The Genie’s Out of the Bottle: Insider’s Perspectives on Occupy Wall Street, The Sociological Quarterly, 54, 159-228.
  • Northedge, L. (2011). Egypt: First Steps. The World Today, 67:3, 4-7.
  • Offe, C. (1985). New Social Movements: Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics. Social Research, Vol. 52 No. 4 (817-868).
  • Önal, L (2015). Gezi Park and EuroMaidan: social movements at the borders, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research.
  • Özatalay, C. (2014). Gezi Direnişi: Anti Kapitalist mi, Alter Kapitalist mi? içinde V.S. Öğütle, E. Göker (der.), Gezi veSosyoloji: Nesneyle Yüzleşmek Nesneyi Kurmak (170- 185). İstanbul: Ayrıntı..
  • Pakulski, J. (2007). ToplumsalHareketlerveSınıf: MarksistParadigmanınÇöküşü. İçinde H. Erbaş (der.), M. Coşkun (çev.), Fark, Kimlik, Sınıf. İstanbul: Eos.
  • Palczewski, C. H. (2001). Cyber Movements, New Social Movements, and Counterpublics.İçinde R. Asen, D.C. Brouwer (der.), Counter Publics and the State (161-186). New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Ryabchuk, A. (2014). Right Revolution? Hopes and Perils of the Euromaidan Protests in Ukraine.Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, 22:1, 127-134.
  • Schwartz, M. (2011). The Mass Strike in the Time of Neoliberal Globalization, New Labor Forum, 20:3, 32-43.
  • Şen, H. (2014).ApolitikliğePolitikBakmak. içinde V.S. Öğütle, E. Göker (der.), Gezi veSosyoloji: Nesneyle Yüzleşmek Nesneyi Kurmak (221-232). İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Shokr, A. (2011). The 18 Days of Tahrir. Middle East Report, 258.
  • Sınır, Ş. (2014).Gezi, KürtlerveKanaatlerinKıyısındakiKırılganPolitikRepertuar.içinde V.S. Öğütle, E. Göker (der.), Gezi veSosyoloji: Nesneyle Yüzleşmek Nesneyi Kurmak (203- 220). Istanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Van Gelder, S., (2011). Introduction: How Occupy Wall Street changes everything. In: Van Gelder S (ed.) This Changes Everything: Occupy Wall Street and the 99% Movement. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.Accessed from: http://www.yesmagazine.org/pdf/thischangeseverything/introductiontce.pdf, on 17.11.2015.