Cluster profiles of high school students in cyber bullying, cyber victimization, aggression, and coping

Priyadarshini Muthukrishnan 1 * , Puspa Melati Wan 2, Gurnam Kaur Sidhu 3, Jem Cloyd M. Tanucan 4, Walton Wider 5 6
More Detail
1 Faculty of Education and Liberal Arts, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA
2 School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, MALAYSIA
3 Faculty of Education, Languages, Psychology & Music, SEGi University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, MALAYSIA
4 College of Education, Cebu Technological University, Cebu, PHILIPPINES
5 Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA
6 Department of Applied Economic Sciences, Wekerle Sandor Uzleti Foiskola, Budapest, HUNGARY
* Corresponding Author
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, Volume 14, Issue 4, Article No: e202461. https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/15610
OPEN ACCESS   151 Views   46 Downloads   Published online: 17 Nov 2024
Download Full Text (PDF)

ABSTRACT

Cyberbullying has become a significant concern, particularly among teenagers, due to the advancement of digital technologies. This study aims to identify the cluster profiles as well as the role of gender, time spent on networking and age on these clusters. This study employed a self-administered survey to investigate cyberbullying among 812 adolescents attending public and private high schools in Selangor, Malaysia. The quantitative data was obtained using validated measures of cyberbullying and cybervictimization scale, coping strategies, and aggression. Data analysis used in this research were two-stage cluster analysis and chi-square statistics. The findings revealed that these teenagers can be categorized into three distinct cluster profiles namely highly cybervictimization, aggressive and depressive; low cyber victimization, aggression, depression and coping; and lower scores in cyber victimization, aggression, depression and higher scores in coping. Unlike previous studies, cluster profiles revealed no substantial correlation with gender. Instead, this study found that cluster patterns were linked to demographic factors, such as age groups. This study also highlights the correlation between cluster profiles and the utilization of social media in the dynamics of cyberbullying. Teens in Cluster 1, who devoted more than four hours per day to social media, experienced the greatest influence of cyberbullying, highlighting the significance of their online environment. This study sheds light on the issue of cyberbullying among Malaysian adolescents and highlights its intricate nature. To foster safer online environments for teenagers in the digital age, educational institutions, parents, and governments can develop specific efforts that identify cluster profiles and demographic factors.
Keywords: psychological harm, aggression, cluster profiles, coping, cyberbullying, cybervictimization, high school students

CITATION

Muthukrishnan, P., Wan, P. M., Sidhu, G. K., Tanucan, J. C. M., & Wider, W. (2024). Cluster profiles of high school students in cyber bullying, cyber victimization, aggression, and coping. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 14(4), e202461. https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/15610

REFERENCES

  • Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V., & Salame, W. O. (2015). Cyberbullying: Review of an old problem gone viral. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011
  • Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984). Cluster analysis. Newberry Park. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983648
  • Amalina, Y. N., Chinniah, M., Othman, A. A., & Shamala, P. (2022). Cyberbullying: A systematic literature review on the definitional criteria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(3), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i3/12042
  • Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(4), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0176-3
  • Aoyama, I., Barnard-Brak, L., & Talbert, T. L. (2011). Cyberbullying among high school students: Cluster analysis of sex and age differences and the level of parental monitoring. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 1(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2011010103
  • Arantes, J. (2023). It’s too late–The post has gone viral already: A novel methodological stance to explore K-12 teachers’ lived experiences of adult cyber abuse. Qualitative Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-01-2023-0014
  • Arató, N., Zsidó, A. N., Rivnyák, A., Péley, B., & Lábadi, B. (2022). Risk and protective factors in cyberbullying: The role of family, social support and emotion regulation. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 4(2), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00097-4
  • Aricak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Saribeyoglu, S., Ciplak, S., Yilmaz, N., & Memmedov, C. (2008). Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0016
  • Athanasiou, K., Melegkovits, E., Andrie, E. K., Magoulas, C., Tzavara, C. K., Richardson, C., Greydanus, D., Tsolia, M., & Tsitsika, A. K. (2018). Cross-national aspects of cyberbullying victimization among 14–17-year-old adolescents across seven European countries. BMC Public Health, 18, Article 800. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5682-4
  • Azizah, F. E. N. (2023). The role strengthening digital literacy in educational institutions Indonesia to overcome the dangers cyberbullying. Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan, 7(2), 5185–5192. https://doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v7i2.7123
  • Barboza, G. E. (2015). The association between school exclusion, delinquency and subtypes of cyber-and F2F-victimizations: Identifying and predicting risk profiles and subtypes using latent class analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 39, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.007
  • Bauman, S. (2010). Cyberbullying in a rural intermediate school: An exploratory study. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(6), 803–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609350927
  • Bauman, S. (2012). Cyberbullying in the United States. In Q. Li., D. Cross., & P. K. Smith (Eds.). Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp.143–179). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119954484.ch8
  • Bergman, L. R., Magnusson, D., & El Khouri, B. M. (2003). Studying individual development in an interindividual context: A person-oriented approach. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410606822
  • Bijstra, J. O., Jackson, S., & Bosma, H. A. (1994). Utrecht coping list for adolescents (UCL-A). APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t53615-000
  • Bozzola, E., Spina, G., Agostiniani, R., Barni, S., Russo, R., Scarpato, E., Di Mauro, A., Di Stefano, A. V., Caruso, C., Corsello, G., & Staiano, A. (2022). The use of social media in children and adolescents: Scoping review on the potential risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), Article 9960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169960
  • Burton, K. A., Florell, D., & Gore, J. S. (2013). Differences in proactive and reactive aggression in traditional bullies and cyberbullies. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 22(3), 316–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2013.743938
  • Celuch, M., Oksa, R., Savela, N., & Oksanen, A. (2022). Longitudinal effects of cyberbullying at work on well-being and strain: A five-wave survey study. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221100782
  • Ch’ng, K. X., Lee, A. S. H., Choo, W. O., & Ooi, P. B. (2021). Students’ and parents’ online behavior and exposure towards cyberbullying. In Proceedings of the 2021 7th International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRIIS53035.2021.9617112
  • Chan, H. C., & Wong, D. S. (2017). Coping with cyberbullying victimization: An exploratory study of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 50, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.04.003
  • Chan, H. C., & Wong, D. S. (2020). The overlap between cyberbullying perpetration and victimisation: Exploring the psychosocial characteristics of Hong Kong adolescents. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 30(3), 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2020.1761436
  • Elbedour, S., Alqahtani, S., Rihan, I. E. S., Bawalsah, J. A., Booker-Ammah, B., & Turner Jr, J. F. (2020). Cyberbullying: Roles of school psychologists and school counselors in addressing a pervasive social justice issue. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, Article 104720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104720
  • Evers, A., Van Vliet-Mulder, J. C., & Groot, C. J. (2000). Documentatie van tests en testresearch in Nederland. [Documentation of tests and test research in the Netherlands]. Van Gorcum.
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). SAGE.
  • Fisher, B. W., Gardella, J. H., & Teurbe-Tolon, A. R. (2016). Peer cybervictimization among adolescents and the associated internalizing and externalizing problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 1727–1743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0541-z
  • Francisco, S. M., Ferreira, P. C., & Simão, A. M. V. (2022). Behind the scenes of cyberbullying: Personal and normative beliefs across profiles and moral disengagement mechanisms. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 27(1), 337–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2022.2095215
  • Fu, S. C., Pang, N. T. P., & Wider, W. (2022). Relationship between internet addiction, personality factors, and emotional distress among adolescents in Malaysia. Children, 9(12), Article 1883. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121883
  • Garaigordobil, M. (2011). Prevalencia y consecuencias del cyberbullying: Una revision [Prevalence and consequences of cyberbullying: A review]. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(2), 233–254.
  • González Sodis, J. L., & Leiva Olivencia , J. J. . (2022). Perception of TIC conflicts among secondary school students in a private school. School mediation as a response. International Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation, 8(2), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.24310/innoeduca.2022.v8i2.12655
  • Grigg, J. (2010). Cyberbullying: The nature and consequences of online peer cruelty. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Hair Jr, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings. Prentice-Hall.
  • Hamm, M. P., Newton, A. S., Chisholm, A., Shulhan, J., Milne, A., Sundar, P., Ennis, H., Scott, S. D., & Hartling, L. (2015). Prevalence and effect of cyberbullying on children and young people: A scoping review of social media studies. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 770–777. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0944
  • Henry, D. B., Tolan, P. H., & Gorman-Smith, D. (2005). Cluster analysis in family psychology research. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(1), Article 121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.121
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2018). Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 18(3), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417
  • Ho, T. T. Q., Gu, C., & Wang, L. (2022). Coping strategies and depression among cyberbullying victims in Vietnam: Self-esteem as a moderator. Technology in Society, 68, Article 101827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101827
  • Holfeld, B., & Grabe, M. (2012). An examination of the history, prevalence, characteristics, and reporting of cyberbullying in the United States. In Q. Li., D. Cross., & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 117–142). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119954484.ch7
  • Hollá, K. (2016). Cyberbullying as a negative result of cyber-culture of Slovak children and adolescents: Selected research findings. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 4(2), 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2016-0015
  • Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds?–Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78(9), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x
  • Kokkinos, C. M., Panagopoulou, P., Tsolakidou, I., & Tzeliou, E. (2015). Coping with bullying and victimisation among preadolescents: The moderating effects of self-efficacy. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 20(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2014.955677
  • Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), Article 1073. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
  • Lee, C., & Shin, N. (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying and predictors of cyberbullying perpetration among Korean adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 68, 352–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.047
  • Levy, C. (2018). 8 things you need to know about today’s teenager. https://medium.com/@cory/8-things-you-need-to-know-about-todays-teenager-74f81b347b66
  • Li, X., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2021). Vicious cycle of emotional maltreatment and bullying perpetration/victimization among early adolescents: Depressive symptoms as a mediator. Social Science & Medicine, 291, Article 114483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114483
  • Machackova, H., Cerna, A., Sevcikova, A., Dedkova, L., & Daneback, K. (2013). Effectiveness of coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 7(3), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2013-3-5
  • Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F., & Alsaker, F. D. (2013). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: Can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation?. In Emotional and behavioural difficulties associated with bullying and cyberbullying (pp. 174-191). Routledge.
  • Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Delgado, B., Inglés, C. J., & Escortell, R. (2020). Cyberbullying and social anxiety: A latent class analysis among Spanish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), Article 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020406
  • Mishna, F., Saini, M., & Solomon, S. (2009). Ongoing and online: Children and youth’s perceptions of cyber bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(12), 1222–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.05.004
  • Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
  • Moffat, B. (2024). An examination of cyberbullying among Zimbabwean female social media influencers. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 14(4), Article e202451. https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/15016
  • Moore, S. E., Norman, R. E., Suetani, S., Thomas, H. J., Sly, P. D., & Scott, J. G. (2017). Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), Article 60. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60
  • Morin, H. K., Bradshaw, C. P., & Kush, J. M. (2018). Adjustment outcomes of victims of cyberbullying: The role of personal and contextual factors. Journal of School Psychology, 70, 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.07.002
  • Ngo, A. T., Tran, A. Q., Tran, B. X., Nguyen, L. H., Hoang, M. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., Doan, L. P., Vu, G. T., Nguyen, T. H., Do, H. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, R. C. M., & Ho, C. S. (2021). Cyberbullying among school adolescents in an urban setting of a developing country: Experience, coping strategies, and mediating effects of different support on psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 661919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661919
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2012). Cyberbullying: An update and synthesis of the research. In J. W. Patchin, & S. Hinduja (Eds.), Cyberbullying prevention and response (pp. 13–35). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203818312
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013
  • Perren, S., Corcoran, L., Cowie, H., Dehue, F., Mc Guckin, C., Sevcikova, A., Tsatsou, P., & Völlink, T. (2012). Tackling cyberbullying: Review of empirical evidence regarding successful responses by students, parents, and schools. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 283–292. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-2919
  • Pyżalski, J., Plichta, P., Szuster, A., & Barlińska, J. (2022). Cyberbullying characteristics and prevention–What can we learn from narratives provided by adolescents and their teachers? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article 11589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811589
  • Quintana, C., & Rey, L. (2018). Traditional bullying, cyberbullying and mental health in early adolescents: Forgiveness as a protective factor of peer victimization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, Article 2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112389
  • Rothon, C., Head, J., Klineberg, E., & Stansfeld, S. (2011). Can social support protect bullied adolescents from adverse outcomes? A prospective study on the effects of bullying on the educational achievement and mental health of adolescents at secondary schools in East London. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.007
  • Runions, K. C., Bak, M., & Shaw, T. (2017). Disentangling functions of online aggression: The cyber-aggression typology questionnaire (CATQ). Aggressive Behavior, 43(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21663
  • Sahi, R. S., Eisenberger, N. I., & Silvers, J. A. (2023). Peer facilitation of emotion regulation in adolescence. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 62, Article 101262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101262
  • Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
  • Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Lalande, K., & Colman, I. (2020). Cyberbullying victimisation and internalising and externalising problems among adolescents: The moderating role of parent-child relationship and child’s sex. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, Article e8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000653
  • Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Göbel, K., Scheithauer, H., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Tsorbatzoudis, H., Barkoukis, V., Pyzalski, J., Plichta, P., Del Rey, R., Casas, J. A., Thompson, F., & Smith, P. K. (2015). A comparison of classification approaches for cyberbullying and traditional bullying using data from six European countries. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.961067
  • Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Hess, M., Pfetsch, J., Scheithauer, H. (2018). Who is involved in cyberbullying? Latent class analysis of cyberbullying roles and their associations with aggression, self-esteem, and empathy. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 12(4), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2018-4-2
  • Selkie, E. M., Fales, J. L., & Moreno, M. A. (2016). Cyberbullying prevalence among US middle and high school–aged adolescents: A systematic review and quality assessment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.026
  • Shelley, D., & Craig, W. M. (2010). Attributions and coping styles in reducing victimization. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25(1), 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573509357067
  • Simão, A. M. V., Ferreira, P. C., Pereira, N., Oliveira, S., Paulino, P., Rosa, H., Ribeiro, R., Coheur, L., Carvalho, J. P., & Trancoso, I. (2021). Prosociality in cyberspace: Developing emotion and behavioral regulation to decrease aggressive communication. Cognitive Computation, 13(3), 736–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-021-09852-7
  • Skrzypiec, G., Slee, P., Murray-Harvey, R., & Pereira, B. (2011). School bullying by one or more ways: Does it matter and how do students cope? School Psychology International, 32(3), 288–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311402308
  • Smith, P. K., & Steffgen, G. (Eds.). (2013). Cyberbullying through the new media: Findings from an international network. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203799079
  • Smith, P. K., López-Castro, L., Robinson, S., & Görzig, A. (2021). Consistency of parental internet mediation across time: An analysis of European data. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(3), 799–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01870-7
  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
  • SPSS Incorporated. (2018). SPSS 26.0 for Windows. SPSS Inc.
  • Stacey, E. (2009). Research into cyberbullying: Student perspectives on cybersafe learning environments. Informatics in Education-An International Journal, 8(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2009.08
  • Stark, L., Robinson, M. V., Gillespie, A., Aldrich, J., Hassan, W., Wessells, M., Allaf, C., & Bennouna, C. (2021). Supporting mental health and psychosocial wellbeing through social and emotional learning: A participatory study of conflict-affected youth resettled to the US. BMC Public Health, 21, Article 1620. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11674-z
  • Stuart, J., Scott, R., Smith, C., & Speechley, M. (2022). Parents’ anticipated responses to children’s cyberbullying experiences: Action, education and emotion. Children and Youth Services Review, 136, Article 106398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106398
  • Suzuki, K., Asaga, R., Sourander, A., Hoven, C. W., & Mandell, D. (2012). Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 24(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh.2012.005
  • Tajuddin, J. M., Wan, P. M., & Muthukrishnan, P. (2020). Cyberbullying: Why children don’t tell? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Health, 23(13), 231–330. https://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.231330
  • Tłuściak-Deliowska, A., & Gubenko, A. (2020). ‘What we give to others, come back to us’. The role of peer leadership in creating a positive school climate and bullying prevention. IJPINT, 7(2), 31–39. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6862
  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
  • Tomczyk, Ł., Guillén-Gámez, F. D., Mascia, M. L., & Llorent, V. J. (2024). How are teachers being attacked online? On cyberbullying and cyberaggression that targets school educators from the student’s perspective. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 14(3), Article e202431. https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/14602
  • UNICEF. (2019). 1 in 3 young people say they have suffered cyberbullying. UNICEF for Every Childhood. https://www.unicef.es/noticia/1-de-cada-3-jovenes-dice-haber-sufrido-ciberacoso
  • Varela, J. J., González, C., Sánchez, P. A., Guzmán, P. M., & Olaya-Torres, A. (2022). Cyberbullying as a new form of aggression: A theoretical review and implications for adolescent well-being. In H. Tiliouine, D. Benatuil, & M. K. W. Lau (Eds.), Handbook of children’s risk, vulnerability and quality of life: Global perspectives (pp. 201–212). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01783-4_13
  • Völlink, T., Bolman, C. A., Dehue, F., & Jacobs, N. C. (2013). Coping with cyberbullying: Differences between victims, bully-victims and children not involved in bullying. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2142
  • Wider, W., Tanucan, J. C. M., Lin, J., Jiang, L., & Udang, L. N. (2023). Who makes a better university adjustment wingman: Parents or friends? PLoS ONE, 18(12), Article e0294658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294658
  • Wright, M. F., & Wachs, S. (2019). Adolescents’ psychological consequences and cyber victimization: The moderation of school-belongingness and ethnicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), Article 2493. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142493
  • Yeung, R., & Leadbeater, B. (2010). Adults make a difference: The protective effects of parent and teacher emotional support on emotional and behavioral problems of peer-victimized adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(1), 80–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20353
  • Yokotani, K., & Takano, M. (2021). Social contagion of cyberbullying via online perpetrator and victim networks. Computers in Human Behavior, 119, Article 106719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106719